Part 1 — The problem. Custodial reporting obscures concentration. Four names that looked diversified drew down 50%+ together in 2022. Style factors (Growth, Value) are symptoms, not drivers — subsectors are the real unit of risk.
Part 2 — The manager. The same decomposition applied to five concentrated 13F filers: how portfolio risk partitions across market, thematic, and stock-specific layers; how active structure compounds in dollars; and what survives a realistic filing lag.
Part 3 — The one skill that persists. The same hierarchical orthogonal decomposition (Market → Sector → Subsector → style), now applied to manager selection and tested out of sample across diversified US equity funds: of style timing, sector timing, and stock picking, only stock picking carries forward — a durable, between-fund skill an allocator can rank on.